The ability to deliver drugs with precise dosages at specific time points can significantly improve disease treatment while reducing side effects. Drug encapsulation for gradual delivery has opened the doors for a superior treatment regimen. To expand on this ability, programming bioelectronic devices to deliver small molecules enables ad-hoc personalized therapeutic profiles that are more complex than gradual release. Here, a wearable bioelectronic device with an integrated electrophoretic ion pump that affords on-demand drug delivery with precise dose control is introduced. Delivery of fluoxetine to wounds in mice result in a 27.2% decrease in the macrophage ratio (M1/M2) and a 39.9% increase in re-epithelialization, indicating a shorter inflammatory phase and faster overall healing. Programmable drug delivery using wearable bioelectronics in wounds introduces a broadly applicable strategy for the long-term delivery of a prescribed treatment regimen with minimal external intervention.

Programmable Delivery of Fluoxetine via Wearable Bioelectronics for Wound Healing In Vivo, AMT

Skin diseases affect millions of people worldwide, across all ethnicities. Increasing diagnosis accessibility requires fair and accurate segmentation and classification of dermatology images. However, the scarcity of annotated medical images, especially for rare diseases and un- derrepresented skin tones, poses a challenge to the development of fair and accurate models. In this study, we introduce a Fair, Efficient, and Diverse Diffusion-based framework for skin lesion segmentation and ma- lignancy classification. FEDD leverages semantically meaningful feature embeddings learned through a denoising diffusion probabilistic backbone and processes them via linear probes to achieve state-of-the-art perfor- mance on Diverse Dermatology Images (DDI). We achieve an improve- ment in intersection over union of 0.18, 0.13, 0.06, and 0.07 while using only 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% labeled samples, respectively. Additionally, FEDD trained on 10% of DDI demonstrates malignancy classification ac- curacy of 81%, 14% higher compared to the state-of-the-art. We showcase high efficiency in data-constrained scenarios while providing fair perfor- mance for diverse skin tones and rare malignancy conditions. Our newly annotated DDI segmentation masks and training code can be found on https://github.com/hectorcarrion/fedd

FEDD - Fair, Efficient, and Diverse Diffusion-based Lesion Segmentation and Malignancy Classification, MICCAI

Identifying, tracking, and predicting wound heal-stage progression is a fundamental task towards proper diagnosis, effective treatment, facilitating healing, and reducing pain. Traditionally, a medical expert might observe a wound to determine the current healing state and recommend treatment. However, sourcing experts who can produce such a diagnosis solely from visual indicators can be difficult, time-consuming and expensive. In addition, lesions may take several weeks to undergo the healing process, demanding resources to monitor and diagnose continually. Automating this task can be challenging; datasets that follow wound progression from onset to maturation are small, rare, and often collected without computer vision in mind. To tackle these challenges, we introduce a self-supervised learning scheme composed of (a) learning embeddings of wound’s temporal dynamics, (b) clustering for automatic stage discovery, and (c) fine-tuned classification. The proposed self-supervised and flexible learning framework is biologically inspired and trained on a small dataset with zero human labeling. The HealNet framework achieved high pre-text and downstream classification accuracy; when evaluated on held-out test data, HealNet achieved 97.7% pre-text accuracy and 90.62% heal-stage classification accuracy.

HealNet - Self-supervised Acute Wound Heal-Stage Classification, MICCAI

Evaluating and tracking wound size is a fundamental metric for the wound assessment process. Good location and size estimates can enable proper diagnosis and effective treatment. Traditionally, laboratory wound healing studies include a collection of images at uniform time intervals exhibiting the wounded area and the healing process in the test animal, often a mouse. These images are then manually observed to determine key metrics —such as wound size progress— relevant to the study. However, this task is a time-consuming and laborious process. In addition, defining the wound edge could be subjective and can vary from one individual to another even among experts. Furthermore, as our understanding of the healing process grows, so does our need to efficiently and accurately track these key factors for high throughput (e.g., over large-scale and long-term experiments). Thus, in this study, we develop a deep learning-based image analysis pipeline that aims to intake non-uniform wound images and extract relevant information such as the location of interest, wound only image crops, and wound periphery size over-time metrics. In particular, our work focuses on images of wounded laboratory mice that are used widely for translationally relevant wound studies and leverages a commonly used ring-shaped splint present in most images to predict wound size. We apply the method to a dataset that was never meant to be quantified and, thus, presents many visual challenges. Additionally, the data set was not meant for training deep learning models and so is relatively small in size with only 256 images. We compare results to that of expert measurements and demonstrate preservation of information relevant to predicting wound closure despite variability from machine-to-expert and even expert-to-expert. The proposed system resulted in high fidelity results on unseen data with minimal human intervention. Furthermore, the pipeline estimates acceptable wound sizes when less than 50% of the images are missing reference objects.

Héctor Carrión - AI Researcher, Designer, Writer, Naturalist 🐝

Programmable Delivery of Fluoxetine via Wearable Bioelectronics for Wound Healing In Vivo, AMT

FEDD - Fair, Efficient, and Diverse Diffusion-based Lesion Segmentation and Malignancy Classification, MICCAI

HealNet - Self-supervised Acute Wound Heal-Stage Classification, MICCAI

Automatic wound detection and size estimation using deep learning algorithms, PLOS

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